Blood carries essential oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body through tiny vessels called arteries and veins. When these blood vessels are compromised, it can disrupt the flow of blood. An angiogram is a crucial imaging test that uses a special dye and X-rays to capture detailed images of blood flow in your arteries and veins. This test helps diagnose various abnormalities, such as narrowed, enlarged, malformed, or blocked blood vessels. The study of arteries is referred to as an arteriogram, while the examination of veins is known as a venogram.
An angiogram may be recommended for diagnosing several conditions, including:
An angiogram can also be used to dissolve a clot found during the test. For cases involving narrowed arteries due to plaque build-up (such as in PAD and atherosclerosis), an angiogram is often combined with angioplasty. This procedure involves inserting a catheter with a balloon into the artery, which is then inflated to open the blockage and improve blood flow. Additionally, an angiogram can assist surgeons in planning procedures for severe and complex blood vessel disorders.
Before undergoing an angiogram, inform your doctor if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, asthmatic, have bleeding disorders, or are allergic to iodine dye, bee stings, or shellfish. Your doctor will review your medical history and current medications. Blood tests may be ordered to assess your blood’s clotting ability and kidney function. You will need to stop taking medications that prevent clotting and avoid drinking for 4 to 8 hours before the procedure. You should also empty your bladder before the test begins.
Here’s what to expect during an angiogram:
1. Preparation: You will lie on your back on an X-ray table. An intravenous (IV) line will be inserted into your arm to administer medications and fluids.
2. Monitoring: A pulse oximeter will be placed on your finger or ear to measure blood oxygen levels, and electrodes will be attached to your arms, chest, or legs to monitor your heart rhythm and rate.
3. Insertion: The site where the catheter will be inserted (groin or above the elbow) will be cleaned, shaved, and numbed with a local anaesthetic. A guidewire will be inserted through a needle into the blood vessel, followed by the catheter over the guidewire. A fluoroscope (real-time X-ray) will track the catheter’s path.
4. Imaging: Iodine dye will be injected through the catheter, and multiple X-ray images will be taken to observe the dye’s flow through your blood vessels. You may be asked to hold your breath for a few seconds. After the angiogram, the catheter is removed, and pressure is applied to the site to stop bleeding. The area will then be bandaged.
The procedure typically takes 1 to 3 hours, especially if combined with angioplasty.
After the angiogram, you should rest in bed for several hours. Ice packs can help alleviate pain and swelling at the injection site. You will be given medication to ease any discomfort. If the catheter was inserted into your arm, avoid blood tests and blood pressure measurements on that arm for several days. If inserted in the groin area, keep the leg straight for about 6 hours. Drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated and help flush the dye from your system. Refrain from strenuous activities such as walking, climbing stairs, and driving for at least 12 hours post-procedure.
Like any medical procedure, an angiogram comes with potential risks and complications, including:
By understanding these aspects of an angiogram, you can better prepare for the procedure and follow post-care instructions to ensure a smooth recovery.
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